2025, Vol. 7, Issue 9, Part D

Author(s): Vivek Kumar

Abstract: The evolution of Sino-Russian relations from 1949 to June 2025 reflects a transition from ideological solidarity to pragmatic geopolitical alignment, shaped by strategic partnerships and multilateral institutions. Initially forged through the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty amid Cold War tensions, the alliance provided China with Soviet aid for industrialisation and military support during the Korean War, but ideological rifts led to the 1960 split and border conflicts like the 1969 Ussuri clashes, eroding bilateral ties. Reconciliation began in the late 1980s with Gorbachev’s 1989 Beijing visit, culminating in post-1991 normalization under Yeltsin and Jiang Zemin. The 1996 Shanghai Five and its 2001 evolution into the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) introduced multilateral mechanisms for regional security, counterterrorism, and economic integration, while the 2001 Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness formalized bilateral commitments. From 2000 to 2014, frameworks like BRICS and RIC amplified cooperation, aligning interests in energy, trade, and opposing U.S. unipolarity. Western sanctions post-2014 Crimea annexation deepened interdependence, with initiatives like the Power of Siberia pipeline and BRI-EAEU integration. The 2022 “no-limits” declaration amid Russia’s Ukraine invasion escalated ties, boosting trade to $244.8 billion by 2024, though asymmetries and sanctions posed challenges. By mid-2025, SCO and BRICS reinforced de-dollarisation and anti-Western strategies. This paper analyses how these partnerships and frameworks have fostered resilience, enabling both nations to challenge global hegemony despite historical mistrust, drawing on archival and contemporary sources to highlight implications for multipolar order.

DOI: 10.33545/26646021.2025.v7.i9d.702

Pages: 318-321 | Views: 10 | Downloads: 4

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