2025, Vol. 7, Issue 7, Part A

The enduring conflict between India and Pakistan, rooted in historical, political, and territorial disputes, continues to manifest through periodic escalations in violence, particularly in the Kashmir region. This case study critically examines two pivotal events in 2025—the Pahalgam terrorist attack and India's retaliatory military operation, dubbed Operation Sindoor. The study investigates the strategic motivations, execution, and outcomes of both events, analyzing them within the broader context of Indo-Pak relations and regional security dynamics. Drawing on media reports, official statements, and scholarly analysis, this paper evaluates the implications of state-sponsored terrorism, cross-border retaliation, and the international community's response. The findings suggest a growing trend toward militarized responses by India and a deepening of diplomatic deadlock. This research aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of modern conflict escalation between two nuclear-armed neighbors, emphasizing the urgent need for conflict resolution mechanisms, responsible diplomacy, and regional cooperation.