2025, Vol. 7, Issue 12, Part A

Author(s): Kumar Devashish and Sarita Tiwari

Abstract: Energy security has become a defining concern for India as its expanding economy, growing population, and rising energy demand place increasing pressure on limited domestic resources. India is now the world’s third-largest energy consumer, and projections suggest that its primary energy demand could nearly double by 2040. This trajectory poses significant challenges due to India’s overwhelming reliance on imported fuels. Crude oil imports met more than 85% of requirements in 2023, exposing the economy to global price fluctuations and geopolitical instability. Natural gas, fulfilling nearly half of domestic demand through imports, further adds to the vulnerability, while coal, though abundant, faces declining quality, mining inefficiencies, and environmental costs. This study investigates India’s energy security from a multidimensional perspective, emphasizing the three pillars of availability, accessibility, and sustainability. Drawing on data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), BP Energy Outlook, and national government reports, it analyzes trends in fuel dependence, renewable energy growth, and efficiency improvements. It also evaluates policy initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, the National Solar Mission, and the National Hydrogen Mission, which collectively aim to reshape India’s energy future. The findings highlight that diversifying the energy basket, improving efficiency, and scaling renewables are central to long-term security. Statistical models suggest that renewable energy’s share in electricity could reach 40% by 2030, while each 1% gain in efficiency could save USD 1.5 billion annually in oil imports. India’s energy transition is thus both a challenge and an opportunity, offering the potential for a resilient system that balances growth, autonomy, and sustainability.

DOI: 10.33545/26646021.2025.v7.i12a.768

Pages: 21-27 | Views: 45 | Downloads: 5

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